PEMBUKTIAN EMPIRIS TEORI UPAH EFISIENSI DI INDONESIA
Lestari Agusalim, Tanti Novianti
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Abstract
This study aims to prove whether the efficiency wage theory applies in Indonesia using panel data analysis consisting of 33 provinces over a nine-year period (2010-2018). The theory posits that wage increases enhance worker productivity. The empirical findings confirm the validity of the efficiency wage theory in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas. Nominal wages have a larger positive impact on labor productivity compared to real wages and provincial minimum wages (PMW). An increase in women’s wages significantly influences labor productivity more than male wages. However, if the wage gap between males and womens widens, it can decrease aggregate labor productivity, leading to inefficiencies in the labor market and reducing the competitiveness of Indonesian workers. Geographically, wage increases in urban areas boost labor productivity, but this effect is not applicable to rural areas. The widening wage gap between urban and rural areas can increase labor productivity but may also widen development disparities between regions. Therefore, it is recommended that the government formulate wage policies supporting the welfare and productivity of workers without gender or regional discrimination. The People’s Representative Council (DPR) should enact comprehensive laws protecting women’s rights. The government, in collaboration with the legislature, can provide workforce training in rural areas to enhance knowledge and skills.
Keywords: efficiency wage theory, wages, productivity, labor, wages gap
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan apakah teori upah efisiensi berlaku di Indonesia menggunakan analisis data panel yang terdiri atas 33 provinsi dalam kurun waktu sembilan tahun (2010-2018). Teori tersebut menyatakan bahwa kenaikan upah akan meningkatkan produktivitas pekerja. Hasil penelitian ini mengonfirmasi teori upah efisiensi secara empiris terbukti terjadi di Indonesia, khususnya di wilayah perkotaan. Upah nominal memiliki dampak positif yang lebih besar dibandingkan upah riil dan upah minimum provinsi (UMP) terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja. Kenaikan upah perempuan berpengaruh lebih signifikan terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja dibandingkan laki-laki. Namun, apabila kesenjangan upah antara laki-laki dan perempuan melebar makan akan menurunkan produktivitas tenaga kerja secara agregat sehingga menciptakan inefisiensi di pasar tenaga kerja dan mengurangi daya saing tenaga kerja Indonesia. Secara kewilayahan, peningkatan upah di perkotaan meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja, tetapi tidak berlaku untuk wilayah pedesaan. Lebar kesenjangan upah antara kota dan desa dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja, namun dapat pula memperluas ketimpangan pembangunan antarwilayah. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah disarankan untuk merumuskan kebijakan upah yang mendukung kesejahteraan dan produktivitas tenaga kerja tanpa diskriminasi gender atau wilayah. Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) perlu mengeluarkan undang-undang perlindungan hak-hak perempuan secara komprehensif. Pemerintah bersama DPR dapat menyediakan pelatihan tenaga kerja di pedesaan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan.
Kata kunci: teori upah efisiensi, upah, produktivitas, tenaga kerja, kesenjangan upah
Keywords
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